Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: GDF15 regulates development and growth of sympathetic neurons to enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-025-01543-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – c Right: the surface area and volume of TH + sympathetic neurites in eWAT ( a ), iWAT ( b ) and BAT ( c ) of GDF15 -Tg and nontransgenic control mice ( n = 4 per group). Left: representative fluorescent images of light-sheet microscopy after lipid clearing and whole mounting are shown. Scale bar, 1 mm. d The EE of GDF15 -Tg mice and control mice monitored for 48 h (left) and that in the light or dark cycle (right) ( n = 6 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). The bold lines indicate the dark cycles. e , f The total body weight ( e ) and fat weight/body weight ( f ) of GDF15 -Tg mice and control mice ( n = 6 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). All data are shown as means ± s.e.m. Con, control; Tg, transgenic.* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t -test.

Article Snippet: GDF15 levels in serum separated from the peripheral blood were determined using Human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, DY957) and Mouse GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, DY6385), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Control, Microscopy, Transgenic Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: GDF15 regulates development and growth of sympathetic neurons to enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-025-01543-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a The rectal temperature of GDF15 -Tg and control mice monitored at 4 °C for 4 h ( n = 6 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). b The rectal temperature of GDF15- Tg and control mice at 4 °C and 25 °C ( n = 6 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). c The expression of genes of lipid catabolism and thermogenesis in the iWAT and BAT of GDF15 -Tg and control mice, assessed by real-time RT–PCR ( n = 6 per group). d The UCP1 immunohistochemistry of BAT and iWAT sections from GDF15 -Tg and control mice. Scale bar, 200 μm. e Levels of serum norepinephrine and epinephrine before (basal) and 30 min after insulin injection to GDF15 -Tg and control mice ( n = 6 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). f A real-time RT–PCR using mRNA from the iWAT and BAT of GDF15 -Tg and control mice and primers specific for the indicated genes of catecholamine synthesis ( n = 6 per group). g Blood glucose levels before (0) and after injection of insulin (1 U/kg) ( n = 6 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). h , i The systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean BP (MBP) ( h ) and heart rate ( i ) of GDF15 -Tg and control mice before (basal) and 60 min after insulin injection ( n = 9 for Con, n = 12 for Tg). All data are shown as means ± s.e.m. BPM, beats per min. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t -test.

Article Snippet: GDF15 levels in serum separated from the peripheral blood were determined using Human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, DY957) and Mouse GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, DY6385), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry, Injection, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: GDF15 regulates development and growth of sympathetic neurons to enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-025-01543-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b , Immunofluorescence images of GFRAL in the brainstem ( a ) and hypothalamus ( b ) of wild-type mice. Scale bar, 100 μm. c Right: the percentage of GFRAL + cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of GFRAL staining in AP/NTS and SCG sections of wild-type mice. Left: representative immunofluorescence images are shown. Rectangles are magnified. Scale bar, 100 μm. d Bottom: the mean fluorescence intensity of GFRAL staining and colocalization between GFRAL + and TH + neurons in SCG sections from GDF15 -Tg and control mice ( n = 5 for Con, n = 8 for Tg). Top: representative immunofluorescence images are shown. Insets are magnified. Scale bar, 50 μm. e Bottom: the c-Fos expression in GFRAL + and non-GFRAL + cells in SCG sections from GDF15 -Tg and control mice ( n = 5 for Con, n = 8 for Tg). Top: representative immunofluorescence images are shown. Insets are magnified. Scale bar, 50 μm. All data are shown as means ± s.e.m. DMX, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; CC, central canal; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; 3V, third ventricle; NS, not significant. *** P < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t -test.

Article Snippet: GDF15 levels in serum separated from the peripheral blood were determined using Human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, DY957) and Mouse GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, DY6385), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Staining, Control, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: GDF15 regulates development and growth of sympathetic neurons to enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-025-01543-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Right: the percentage area of entire TH + neuronal cells in SCG sections of GDF15 -Tg and control mice ( n = 5 for Con, n = 7 for Tg). Left: representative immunofluorescence images are shown. Rectangles are magnified. Scale bar, 50 μm. b Immunoblots of tissue extract of the SCGs from GDF15 -Tg and control mice using indicated antibodies. c A real-time RT–PCR using mRNA from the SCGs of GDF15 -Tg and control mice and primers specific for indicated genes ( n = 4 per group). d Immunoblots of the cultured SCGs treated with recombinant GDF15 or Veh using indicated antibodies. e A real-time RT–PCR using mRNA from the cultured SCGs treated with recombinant GDF15 or Veh and primers specific for indicated genes ( n = 4 per group). f Right: the numbers of neurite outgrowth and branch point and total neurite length in the cultured SCGs treated with recombinant GDF15 or Veh (right) ( n = 6 per group). Left: representative optical images are shown. Rectangles are magnified. Scale bar, 50 μm. All data are shown as means ± s.e.m. Veh, vehicle. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t -test.

Article Snippet: GDF15 levels in serum separated from the peripheral blood were determined using Human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, DY957) and Mouse GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, DY6385), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Control, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Recombinant, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: GDF15 regulates development and growth of sympathetic neurons to enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-025-01543-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – c Right: the surface area and volume of TH + sympathetic neurites in eWAT ( a ), iWAT ( b ) and BAT ( c ) of Gdf15 -KO and control mice ( n = 4 per group). Left: representative fluorescent images of light-sheet microscopy after lipid clearing and whole mounting are shown. Scale bar, 1 mm. d , e The total body weight ( d ) and fat weight/body weight ( e ) of Gdf15 -KO and control mice ( n = 10 per group). f The EE of Gdf15 -KO and control mice monitored for 48 h (left) and that in the light or dark cycle (right) ( n = 10 per group). The bold lines indicate the dark cycles. All data are shown as means ± s.e.m. Con, control; KO, knockout; n.s., not significant. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t -test.

Article Snippet: GDF15 levels in serum separated from the peripheral blood were determined using Human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, DY957) and Mouse GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, DY6385), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Control, Microscopy, Knock-Out, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: GDF15 regulates development and growth of sympathetic neurons to enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis

doi: 10.1038/s12276-025-01543-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a The rectal temperature of Gdf15 -KO and control mice monitored at 4 °C for 4 h ( n = 10 per group). b The rectal temperature of Gdf15 -KO and control mice at 4 °C and 25 °C ( n = 10 per group). c The expression of genes of lipid catabolism and thermogenesis in the iWAT and BAT from Gdf15 -KO and control mice, assessed by real-time RT–PCR ( n = 5 per group). d The UCP1 immunohistochemistry of BAT and iWAT sections from Gdf15 -KO and control mice. Scale bar, 200 μm. e Levels of serum norepinephrine and epinephrine before (basal) and 30 min after insulin (1 U/kg) injection to Gdf15 -KO and control mice ( n = 10 per group). f The real-time RT–PCR using mRNA from iWAT and BAT of Gdf15 -KO and control mice and primers specific for indicated genes of catecholamine synthesis ( n = 5 per group). g Blood glucose levels before (0) and after insulin (1 U/kg) injection to Gdf15 -KO and control mice ( n = 10 per group). h , i ,The systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean BP (MBP) ( h ) and heart rate ( i ) of Gdf15 -KO and control mice before (basal) and 60 min after insulin injection ( n = 10 per group). All data are shown as means ± s.e.m. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t -test.

Article Snippet: GDF15 levels in serum separated from the peripheral blood were determined using Human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, DY957) and Mouse GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA Kits (R&D Systems, DY6385), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry, Injection, Two Tailed Test